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Skinfold testing, also known as calliper testing is a commonly used method to determine a clients body fat percentage.
Sooo insured my self with fhbs today and was checking skin testing policy and it said I would be insured with colour start but would need to test every time or to comply with manufactures instructions, so rang wella and they said it was fine to test once a year if you're using the same colour but if you change then you need to test again. Reactions to testing can include itchy welts that last for several days and rarely (less than 1% of patients) – hives, swelling, sneezing, shortness of breath and light headedness. The risk and benefits of allergy skin testing have been explained by my doctor and the staff.
This technique of measurement is based on the densitometry technique (underwater weighing) and the prediction equations are ‘population specific’. That means originally to come up with the equations to calculate body fat from calliper measurements a whole lot of people were underwater weighed and then calliper tested. Their results from the underwater weighing were used to work out what equation was needed to convert their calliper measurements to a body fat percentage.
The equations actually only predict body fat within 3-5% of the value obtained from underwater weighing and only if the person is similar in age, gender, state of training, fatness and culture to the population from which the equations were originally derived.
In other words, there is the real possibility that calliper measurements will be inaccurate, misleading and unreliable in many instances. That means personal trainers expose themselves and their clients to significant risks. If a client trains well for six weeks then finds out their body fat percentage hasn’t changed (or worse has become larger) because there were errors in the equations used, or the measurements taken, or the consistency of the measurements, the result will be one of disappointment, frustration and de-motivation.
This is why we recommend extreme caution and very strict use of protocols if you are going to use calliper testing in any way. If you do, it is best just to use a ‘sum of skinfolds’ where you add up all the measures you take and don’t convert to body fat percentage as this, at the very least, removes the errors in equations and comparisons to sample populations which can throw your figures off.
As this technique is commonly used in the fitness industry and some clients may even specifically request it, it is important that you understand the protocol and are competent at completing it. Remember though, choose wisely the circumstances in which you use this type of measurement and pick the test that best suits your client goals and will provide valid, reliable and positive results.
If you are going to use callipers as a form of measurement it is recommended you practice your skill in measuring skinfolds on between 50-100 ‘practice’ participants to develop your proficiency.
Proceduresfor skinfold measurement:
You need to firmly grasp a fold of your client’s skin between your thumb and index finger and lift this up. The skinfold should include two thicknesses; one of skin and one of the subcutaneous fat, but no muscle or fascia.
Place the contact surface of the callipers at a 90 degree angle to the skinfold approximately 1cm below the fingers. Slightly release the pressure between the fingers, but remain holding the skinfold so that a greater pressure is applied by the callipers. Release the handle of the callipers and read the needle to the nearest 0.1mm approximately 4 seconds after the pressure is released.
Here are some key points to remember when taking skinfold measurements:
- Ensure you are careful in locating the anatomical landmarks used to identify the skinfold site
- Take all skinfolds on the right side of the body (for reliability)
- Ensure that you take the skinfold in a rotational order (circuit) and do not complete consecutive readings at each skinfold site
- Grasp the skinfold firmly between your thumb and index finger of your left hand. The skinfold is lifted 1 cm and recorded with the callipers held in the right hand
- Keep the fold elevated while the measurement is recorded
- Take the skinfold measurement 4 seconds after the calliper pressure is released
- Take a minimum of two measurements at each site. The acceptable range between repeated measures is 1mm. If the values vary by more than 1mm take an additional measurement and use the average of the three measurements
- Skinfold measurements should not be taken when the skin is wet or after exercise
- Remember age, size and state of hydration may affect skinfold measurement
The‘Durnin and Womersley’ four-site skinfold test
The most commonly used skinfold test is the Durnin & Womersley four site test, devised in 1974 (yip – it’s pretty dated!). This test uses the sum of the triceps, biceps, subscapula and suprailiac skinfolds to produce an estimate of body fat for males and females.
The following images and instructions will help you to locate the four sites used in the Durnin and Womersley test. Once you have successfully located the sites use the previous instructions on how to take a skinfold to complete the four site test.
Once you have completed and recorded the measurements of the four sites, refer to the following tables for the conversion of the sum of the four skinfolds to % body fat and for a rating of the sum of the four skinfolds for males and females of normal and athletic ability.
TricepSkinfold
- Vertical fold
- Located on the posterior midline of the upper arm
- Measure halfway between the acromion (bony point of the shoulder) and olecranon processes (bony point of the elbow)
- Arm held freely to the side of the body
Biceps Skinfold
- Vertical fold
- Located on the anterior midline of the upper arm over the belly of the biceps muscle
- Located 1 cm higher than the level used to mark the triceps site
Subscapula Skinfold
- Diagonal fold
- Located 1 to 2 cm below the inferior angle of the scapula (the bottom of the shoulder blade)
- If you struggle to locate the bottom of the shoulder blade then ask your client to raise their arm up behind their back – this should make the scapula become more prominent.
Suprailiac Skinfold
- Diagonal fold
- Located 1 cm above the anterior superior iliac crest (top of the hip bone)
- Locating this landmark may require you to ‘poke’ firmly through thick subcutaneous layers of fat to find the bone underneath.
Once you have recorded the skinfolds at each site you could simply use these measurements to compare with subsequent measurements to show change in the clients skinfold over time (which we recommend), alternatively you can add the sum of the four sites together to work out an estimate of your clients body fat percentage using the following table.
BodyFat % Conversion Table
Use the table below for the conversion of the sum of the four skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapula and suprailiac) in mm into % body fat.
Skinfolds(mm) | Males (age in years) | Females (age in years) | ||||||
17-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50+ | 18-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50+ | |
15 | 4.8 | -- | -- | 12.6 | 10.5 | -- | -- | -- |
20 | 8.1 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 15.6 | 14.1 | 17.0 | 19.8 | 21.4 |
25 | 10.5 | 14.2 | 15.0 | 18.6 | 18.8 | 19.4 | 22.2 | 24.0 |
30 | 12.9 | 16.2 | 17.7 | 20.8 | 19.5 | 21.8 | 24.5 | 26.6 |
35 | 14.7 | 17.7 | 19.8 | 22.9 | 21.5 | 23.7 | 26.4 | 28.5 |
40 | 16.4 | 19.2 | 21.4 | 24.7 | 23.4 | 25.5 | 28.2 | 30.3 |
45 | 17.7 | 20.4 | 23.0 | 26.5 | 25.0 | 26.9 | 29.6 | 31.9 |
50 | 19.0 | 21.5 | 24.6 | 27.9 | 26.5 | 28.2 | 31.0 | 33.4 |
55 | 20.1 | 22.5 | 25.9 | 29.2 | 27.8 | 29.4 | 32.1 | 34.6 |
60 | 21.2 | 23.6 | 27.1 | 30.4 | 29.1 | 30.6 | 33.2 | 35.7 |
65 | 22.2 | 24.3 | 28.2 | 31.6 | 30.2 | 31.6 | 34.1 | 36.7 |
70 | 23.1 | 25.1 | 29.3 | 32.7 | 31.2 | 32.5 | 35..0 | 37.7 |
75 | 24.0 | 25.9 | 30.3 | 33.8 | 32.2 | 33.4 | 35.9 | 38.7 |
80 | 24.8 | 26.6 | 31.2 | 34.8 | 33.1 | 34.3 | 36.7 | 39.8 |
85 | 25.6 | 27.2 | 32.1 | 35.8 | 34.0 | 35.8 | 37.5 | 40.4 |
90 | 26.2 | 27.8 | 33.0 | 36.6 | 34.8 | 36.5 | 38.3 | 41.2 |
95 | 26.9 | 28.4 | 33.7 | 37.4 | 35.6 | 37.2 | 39.0 | 41.9 |
100 | 27.6 | 29.0 | 34.4 | 38.2 | 36.4 | 37.9 | 39.7 | 42.6 |
105 | 28.2 | 29.6 | 35.1 | 39.0 | 37.1 | 38.6 | 40.4 | 43.3 |
110 | 28.8 | 30.1 | 35.8 | 39.7 | 37.8 | 39.1 | 41.0 | 43.9 |
115 | 29.4 | 30.6 | 36.4 | 40.4 | 38.4 | 39.6 | 41.5 | 44.5 |
120 | 30.0 | 31.1 | 37.0 | 41.1 | 39.0 | 40.1 | 42.0 | 45.1 |
125 | 30.5 | 31.5 | 37.6 | 41.8 | 39.6 | 40.6 | 42.5 | 45.7 |
130 | 31.0 | 31.9 | 38.2 | 42.4 | 40.2 | 41.1 | 43.0 | 46.2 |
135 | 31.5 | 32.3 | 38.7 | 43.0 | 40.8 | 41.6 | 43.5 | 46.7 |
140 | 32.0 | 32.7 | 39.2 | 43.6 | 41.3 | 42.1 | 44.0 | 47.2 |
145 | 32.5 | 33.1 | 39.7 | 44.1 | 41.8 | 42.6 | 44.5 | 47.7 |
150 | 32.9 | 33.6 | 40.2 | 44.6 | 42.3 | 43.1 | 45.0 | 48.2 |
155 | 33.3 | 33.9 | 40.7 | 45.1 | 42.8 | 43.6 | 45.4 | 48.7 |
160 | 33.7 | 34.3 | 41.2 | 45.1 | 43.3 | 44.0 | 45.8 | 49.2 |
1655 | 34.1 | 34.6 | 41.6 | -- | 43.7 | 44.4 | 46.2 | 49.6 |
170 | 34.5 | 34.8 | 42.0 | 46.1 | 44.1 | 44.8 | 46.6 | 50.0 |
175 | 34.9 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 45.2 | 47.0 | 50.4 |
180 | 35.3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 45.6 | 47.4 | 50.8 |
185 | 35.6 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 45.9 | 47.8 | 51.2 |
190 | 35.9 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 46..2 | 48.2 | 51.6 |
195 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 46.5 | 48.5 | 52.0 |
200 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 48.8 | 52.4 |
205 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 49.1 | 52.7 |
Ratingof the Sum of the Four Skinfolds
You can use this table (although we would advise against it) for a rating of poor to excellent for the sum of your clients four skinfolds.
Ability | Gender | Excellent | Good | Average | Below average | Poor |
Normal | Male | 60-80 | 81-90 | 91-100 | 111-150 | 150+ |
Normal | Female | 70-90 | 91-100 | 101-120 | 121-150 | 150+ |
Athletic | Male | 40-60 | 61-80 | 81-100 | 101-130 | 130+ |
Athletic | Female | 50-70 | 71-85 | 86-110 | 111-130 | 130+ |
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The importance of skin testing prior to hair colouring
It is important that all our clients undergo a simple colour sensitivity test at least 48 hours prior to their first time colour application, or if they have not had colour with us for more than three months.Skin testing is here to protect you.Just pop into the salon and ask for a skin test. Our receptionist will perform it for you and it only takes a few minutes. Read on to find out why this is an essential part of our hair colouring process.
Why is it so important to undergo skin testing before hair colouring?
Even if you have been dying your hair for years and have never had a reaction before, we cannot do a colour service without a skin test. Some people suffer reactions all of a sudden. You can develop a sensitivity at any time in your life.
What does it mean to be hypersensitive?
Hypersensitivity can be quite common.It is an over-reaction of the immune system to what is known as an ‘invading’ hapten, such as PPD. Haptens have the ability to provoke an immune response that brings about such dramatic changes in the body’s tissues (known as an allergic reaction or allergy).In extremely severe cases, reactions can be life-threatening and these allergic reactions can develop at any time.
Why do we recommend skin testing?
At Artizan we we have a DUTY OF CARE to make sure that you are protected in these circumstances. The best way of ensuring that you are allergy free when it comes to hair colouring is to come into our salon 48 hours before the application of hair dye. Here you can have a specific skin test done with the Aveda colour range we use in the salon. This is without a doubt the safest and most efficient way of detecting any allergies that may cause damage to your skin.
Even if you have been dying your hair for years and have never had a reaction before, we highly recommend a skin test. Some people suffer reactions all of a sudden. You can develop a sensitivity at any time in your life.
If you are taking medication this may vary your reaction to hair dye. Some medication suppress your sensitivity, while others may make you hypersensitive.
Why does the skin test have to be 48 hours before hair dye application?
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In some cases, the most severe version of hypersensitivity is a cell mediated reaction which can take 48 hours to occur.
Skin testing for the application of bleach
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We will still perform a skin test for bleach as you may need a toner during your service and a skin test is required for this.
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There is no skin test we can perform for the bleach itself and each individual has a different sensitivity or tolerance to bleaching. Different factors such as skin type (dry, oily etc), room temperature and temperature of the person’s scalp all play a part in how bleach works. It is completely normal to feel and itching or tingling sensation, even a little heat when the bleach is applied to your hair and scalp, so do not be alarmed. If you feel any MAJOR discomfort during the bleaching process, please inform your stylist immediately.