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French: [[autre]], Autre

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Jacques Lacan

History

The 'other' is perhaps the most complex term in Lacan's work. Freud uses the term 'other' to speak of der Andere ('the other person') and das Andere ('otherness'). When Lacan first begins to use the term, in the 1930s, it is not very salient, and refers simply to 'other people.' Lacan seems to have borrowed the term from Hegel, to whose work Lacan was introduced in a series of lectures given by Alexandre Kojève in 1933-9.

Little and Big

In 1955, Lacan draws a distinction between the 'little other' and the 'big Other' ('the Other'), a distinction which remains central throughout the rest of his work.^[1]Thereafter, in Lacanianalgebra, the big Other is designated A (upper case, for FrenchAutre) and the little other is deisgnated a (lower case italicized, for Frenchautre). Lacan asserts that an awareness of this distinction is fundamental to analytic practice: the analyst must be 'thoroughly imbued' with the difference between A and a,^[2]so that he can situate himself in the place of Other, and not of the other.^[3]

Little

The little other is the other who is not, in fact, other, but a reflection or projection of the ego.^[4]It is simultaneously the counterpart and the specular image. The little other is inscribed in the imaginaryorder as both the counterpart and the specular image.

Big

The big Other designates radical alterity, an otherness which transcends the illusoryotherness of the imaginary because it cannot be assimilated through identification. Lacan equates the big Other with language and the law, and hence the big Other is inscribed in the symbolicorder. Indeed, the big Otheris the symbolic insofar as it is particularized for each subject. Thus, the Other is both another subject in its radical alterity and unassimilable uniqueness and also the symbolicorder which mediates the relationship with that subject.

Speech

However, the meaning of 'the Other as another subject' is strictly secondary to the meaning of 'the Other as symbolicorder.' 'The Other must first of all be considered a locus, the locus in which speech is constituted.'^[5]It is thus only possible to speak of the Other as a subject in a secondary sense, in the sense that a subject may occupy this position and thereby 'embody' the Other for another subject.^[6]

Discourse of the Other

In arguing that speech originates not in the ego or even in the subject but in the Other, Lacan is stressing that speech and language are beyond consciouscontrol; they come from an other place, outsideconsciousness, and hence 'the unconscious is the discourse of the Other.'^[7]In conceiving of the Other as a place, Lacan alludes to Freud's concept of psychical locality, in which the unconscious is described as 'the otherscene.'

Lack in the Other

It is the mother who first occupies the position of the big Other for the child, because it is she who receives the child's primitive cries and retroactively sanctions them as a particularmessage. The castration complex is formed when the child discovers that this Other is not complete, that there is a lack in the Other. In other words, there is always a signifiermissing from the treasury of signifiers constituted by the Other. The mythical complete Other (written A in Lacanianalgebra) does not exist. In 1957 Lacan illustrates this incomplete Other graphically by striking a bar through the symbolA. Hence another name for the castrated, incomplete Other is the .

The Other Sex

The Other is also 'the Other sex.'^[8]The Othersex is always woman, for both male and femalesubjects.

'Man here acts as the relay whereby the woman becomes this Other for herself as she is this Other for him.'^[9]

References

↑Lacan, Jacques. The Seminar. Book II. The Ego in Freud's Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis, 1954-55. Trans. Sylvana Tomaselli. New York: Nortion; Cambridge: Cambridge Unviersity Press, 1988. Chapter 19
↑Lacan, Jacques. Écrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. London: Tavistock Publications, 1977. p. 140
↑Lacan, Jacques. Écrits. Paris: Seuil, 1966. p. 454
↑This is why the symbol a can represent the little other and the ego interchangeably in schema L.
↑Lacan, Jacques. The Seminar. Book III. The Psychoses, 1955-56. Trans. Russell Grigg. London: Routledge, 1993. p. 274
↑Lacan, Jacques. Le Séminaire. Livre VIII. Le transfert, 1960-61. Ed. Jacques-Alain Miller. Paris: Seuil, 1991. p. 202
↑Lacan, Jacques. Écrits. Paris: Seuil, 1966. p. 16
↑Lacan, Jacques. Le Séminaire. Livre XX. Encore, 1972-73. Ed. Jacques-Alain Miller. Paris: Seuil, 1975. p. 40
↑Lacan, Jacques. Écrits. Paris: Seuil, 1966. p. 732

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